The paper investigates the island society of Andros, in the Aegean Sea, under the impact of the development and transformation of Ottoman maritime networks of communication, administration, war and commerce in the Mediterranean, between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries. The research focuses, through the study of the Ottoman tax registers of 1670/71 from the Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, on the formation of new social powers on the island, a class of Christian Orthodox landowners, who succeeded under the Ottomans the former Frankish feudal lords in the top of the social hierarchy, together with the development of communal and ecclesiastical administration. In the same vein, the Ottoman documents from the local kadı court, which have been preserved on the island’s archives, are studied here as evidence of the interaction between Ottoman administration and local society, through the active involvement of the island’s powerful social actors in the local Ottoman administration of law.
L’article examine la société insulaire d’Andros, île de la mer Égée, entre le XVIe et le XVIIIe siècles, à une époque où en Méditerranée se développent et se transforment les réseaux maritimes ottomans de communication, d’administration, de guerre et de commerce. La recherche, à l’aide des registres fiscaux ottomans de 1670/71 conservés au Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, explore la formation de nouvelles forces sociales sur l’île — notamment d’une classe de propriétaires terriens chrétiens orthodoxes, qui, sous les Ottomans, ont occupé la place des anciens chefs féodaux Francs au sommet de la hiérarchie sociale — en parallèle avec le développement de l’administration communale et ecclésiastique. Par ailleurs, les documents ottomans du tribunal local du kadı, conservés aux archives d’Andros et étudiés ici, témoignent de l’interaction entre l’administration ottomane et la société locale, à travers la participation active des puissants acteurs sociaux de l’île au fonctionnement du système juridique ottoman local.
Source: poj.peeters-leuven.be
How to Earn Money Free Online
Though it is true that you can earn money free online, most advertisements and sites promoting products that promises people that they can earn money online almost overnight and without breaking a sweat is most probably exaggerating. The problem with the Internet is that it is a favorite medium of many hype-makers, those who blow up, and sometimes twist, facts in order to take advantage of unsuspecting and naive Internet newbies. The reason why the Internet is prone to abuse is that people can operate a business in it without being known or seen. Some unscrupulous individuals abuse the anonymity that the Internet provides in order to earn quick cash.
The truth is, doing business on the Internet is not much different from doing business in the outside world. This means that, in order to make money online, you still need the virtues that make a successful traditional entrepreneur such as hard work and patience. Indeed, succeeding online takes time, effort and, of course, determination and the will to succeed.
In order to be truly successful in earning money online, it is best to stay away from so-called gurus that sell nothing but hype-filled products. More often than not, the products offered by these gurus contain wrong information that can even jeopardize your Internet business. For example, there are Internet marketers that prescribe methods that are considered as “black hat, ” or those that are bordering on the illegal and unethical. Using this methods is dangerous since they can get you banned from certain sites.Then there are other marketers who sell nothing but fluff, products that are so overladen with useless information you get drowned in jargon just reading it. These products can cause what is known as paralysis from analysis, or the state of being unable to act because of too much information.
When it comes to earning money for free online there are just some simple, easy to follow guidelines that have been tested over time by many successful Internet marketers. The first thing you need to have, of course, is a good product, either your own or by another merchant. Next you must have a defined niche market to whom you will sell your product. Then, you must be able to present your product or service to your market in an efficient and cost-effective manner. After that, you will need an effective sales processor and an effective delivery system.
If you have all these basics covered then you don’t need anymore hype to succeed and earn money free online.
Source: one-week-marketing-works.blogspot.com
The Armenian Commercial Houses and Merchant Networks in the 19th Century Ottoman Empire
The aim of this article is to provide a synopsis of the Armenian merchant networks and commercials houses in the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century with a specific concentration on Istanbul. It will discuss some factors that led to the proliferation and the decline of the Armenian merchant networks and commercial houses in the Empire. It will also argue that it is impossible to discuss geographic representations of merchant networks and commercial houses in the Empire as separate entities. On the contrary all were interconnected, not only economically, but also through kinship bonds. Other factors ranging from development of commercial education, mechanization, morality and deteriorating ethnic relationships will be discussed as important factors in the proliferation of these networks and commercial houses and their subsequent decline.
Le but de cet article est de fournir une vue générale des réseaux marchands et des maisons commerciales arméniens dans l'Empire ottoman au XIXe siècle, et plus spécifiquement à Istanbul. Il examinera quelques facteurs qui ont causé la multiplication et le déclin des réseaux marchands arméniens et des maisons commerciales dans l'Empire. Il soutiendra aussi qu'il est impossible de considérer les représentations géographiques des réseaux marchands et des maisons commerciales dans l'Empire comme des entités séparées. Au contraire tous ont été étroitement liés, non seulement économiquement, mais aussi par des liens de parenté. D'autres facteurs comme le développement de l'éducation commerciale, la mécanisation, la moralité et la détérioration des rapports ethniques seront examinés comme des facteurs importants de la multiplication de ces réseaux et maisons commerciales et de leur déclin ultérieur.
Source: poj.peeters-leuven.be
Virtualization: Green and Cloudy
-by Steve Carl, Senior Technologist, R&D Support
BMC is one of the largest VMware shops anywhere. We have nearly 9000 Virtual Machines running in our ESX server farms alone. Our growth trajectory will have us break 10, 000 VM's before the end of the summer. The is just VMware, which is not the only virtual player in our shop. We are even bigger users of virtualization than that, with the granddaddy-of-all-virtualization VM on the mainframe, Virtualbox, Parallels, AIX LPARS, Sun LDOMs, HP's VSE (not to be confused with IBM's DOS/VSE...) and so forth.
Not all that long ago, our worldwide "real" server count for R&D was a large number: well north of 10, 000 real, physical computers. BMC grew, more products came online: entire product categories even... and the real hardware footprint has shrunk to about half what it was three years ago. Ditto the data center space. The current R&D DC move I am working on has us taking over 7000 jam packed square feet down to 5000 square feet... and leaving room to absorb another 1000 square foot lab later. In this one lab, we have leveraged virtualization to more than halve the number of real servers.
Converting real, physical machines to the virtual world (P2V) of older gear is part of that virtual growth, but so are new requests for new environments. Think of those latter as "Real Server Avoidance". The impact is huge in terms of BMC becoming, among other things, a greener company. It is not just real coffee mugs in the kitchen (rather than Styrofoam cups) and recycling the Diet Dr Pepper cans (Contrary to popular belief, not all software development is powered by Mountain Dew.). We use less power than we did before. Much less power.
Conservatively speaking, if we used 100 less watts per virtualized server than for a real computer doing the same things, then that alone would be 900, 000 watts! 900k watts here, 900k watts there, pretty soon we are talking real carbon footprint reduction. 100 watts is a very lowball figure: Even new computers with high efficiency power supplies like a Dell 1950 use well more the 200 watts at static, post booted load. The 1950's power supply is max rated (Nameplate rating) at 670 watts. Depending on your local code, when planning a data center, it is assumed that somewhere between 40% and 60% of the Nameplate rating is the amount of wattage used once the server has settled down after booting.
At some point I'll probably develop a tighter number than 100 watts per server savings, but it will do for now. I'll have to go add up the real wattages of every server we decommissioned, and then add up the wattages of the all the virtual servers in order to get a better estimate, and that would take a while, given the number of servers we are talking about here!
I talked about this saving power with virtualization topic a while back ("Virtually Greener") and in that post I was focused only on what we had done in Houston. This is company wide, and clearly we have come pretty far down the road from where we were only 1.5 years ago. Here is what I noted about Houston's power savings back then:
"That means 80 Kilowatts or 80, 000 Watts have "left the building". 80 KW reduction is 160 pounds of CO2 reduction each and every hour they are off (assuming Coal as the power feedstock). 3, 840 pounds per day. 1, 401, 600 pounds per year. Half those numbers for natural gas as the power generation feedstock"
So, using those same numbers, and expanding the scope from Houston to all of the R&D data centers world wide, we are now talking about 11.25 times those amounts. 5625 pounds of CO2 an hour, 135, 000 pounds of CO2 a day, and 49, 275, 000 pounds of CO2 a year that we are now *not* adding to our shared atmosphere. Remember that is *low* because of the estimate: the numbers are really better than that. Maybe twice as good even.
Call me corny, but this makes me happy. I am visiting our corporate headquarters in Houston as I write this, and it is early in April. Just barely Spring. It is hot. I am glad we are doing what we can to not make it hotter.
P2C
With all this virtualization, and the addition of Bladelogic to our corporate tool chest, we have created quite a change in our internal R&D compute capabilities. We have a compute cloud. We have gone Physical to Cloud (P2C: TM) . While
- Virtualization is not a Cloud, and
- Provisioning is not a Cloud, and
- Image Management is not a cloud, and
- Performance and Capacity Planning (PCP) is not a cloud and
- Configuration Management is not a cloud, and
- Service Request Management is not a cloud ....
.... add all these things together and put them in the service in fewer, more regionally consolidated data centers connected with point to point network clouds and you pretty much have, by any definition of Cloud Computing, an internal Compute Cloud. One with more OS images than before, more capabilities than before, faster turn around than ever, and that is using far less of our planets shared resources.
In my list above I noted some of the common Cloud Computing building blocks. In particular, I think the key enablers for the Cloud concept are Virtualization and Provisioning. You could reasonably argue that neither are required: That is is about having a computing resource available via the network only, and I would not argue with you. That in fact has been an underlying theme of my last few posts.A good example of a Computing Cloud that is not virtualized is the recent information we just got about how Google designs their data centers. Fascinating stuff. No virtualization is sight, but clearly a Compute Cloud.
Virtualization and Provisioning are tools that make delivery faster. Make availability easier. In point of fact, you would not need many of the things on my list to build a cloud, as long as you were keeping the operations fairly small.
The bigger it gets (ignoring cases like Google where a single task scales beyond the size of a single computer), the more important each of those tools become, and if you are planning ahead, you will be ready with the tool set *before* you actually need it. Performance and Capacity Planning is a great example of tool that gets more important as the virtual server farm goes. I was recently using our BPA / CME tools set to create standard configurations for our next set of server purchases, for example. I am ready with data from BPA to show that we need to put more memory into our configs than we have to date. When you are talking about a server farm with hundreds of servers, even if they replaced thousands of servers and you are already saving serious CO2 emissions and expense money, it is still a serious investment.
The other thing one has to be careful of when building one of these Compute Clouds is virtual server sprawl of course. When it is cheap and easy to deploy new vservers to meet new requirements, the tendency is to leave servers running till someone tells you they don't need it anymore. More often than not, no one will tell you that. Everyone is looking at the next project, not the last one. One does not want to undo the goodness of P2C by having way more server farm than current plus part of peak plus growth demands.
The Linux Connection
I have not felt particularly constrained recently to keep my blog just about Linux. Partly this is because as a technologist my role is much wider than just Linux. Partly it is because my biggest project recently has been designing, building, and getting ready to consolidate five R&D data centers down into one, smaller data center.
This does not mean "Adventures" will never have Linux stuff in it again. In fact, the next post I am planning is pretty much pure Linux, with an update about where MAPI is in Evolution.
The other part of it is just that Linux is not something people think about anymore and ask "Will it make it?". Redhat's last quarter alone should be proof of that. Linux is ubiqutous. It's at the core of VMware. It's embedded in the lights out management cards. its in the netbooks, fast boot BIOS's and the SaaS bits of Cloud Computing. It is where virtualization is often first developed, and first deployed. It is the core of supercomputing, The "L" in the LAMP stack, which provides so much of the Internet. It is seriously challanging OS.X in the Smartphone market. It is making inroads in Real-Time, where VMS has been king for so long. No one ever asks me if BMC supports Linux anymore. They just assume we do.
It's everywhere and now we are starting to just assume its presence. My wife, long a hold out because of her love of OS.X, runs Ubuntu 9.04 on her Dell Mini 9 even. It is everywhere, and in every thing. The question becomes not "Should we run this on Linux?" but "Is there any reason *not* to run this on Linux?"
At some point, "Adventures" is going to probably be, at least in part, about finding Linux in all the places it is hiding around us.
The postings in this blog are my own and don't necessarily represent BMC's opinion or position.
Source: feedproxy.google.com
PotPieGirl's One Week Marketing Action Plan Rocks!
I am a really big fan of PotPieGirl, as she is one of the many bloggers who has helped me tremendously over the past few years. If you read anyone's blog for any considerable time, you will discover a kinship with others. I really like that. My interests are mainly to make an living online, and because of people like PotPieGirl, I stay inspired.She is an amazing online marketer, and her blog gives you so much information about creating profitable Squidoo lenses to actually planning out a day by day marketing plan that really gives you amazing results.
She was really smart about taking an average guy and showing him step by step how to create a daily income by Internet marketing with her One Week Marketing Plan.
Pick up the first 18 pages of One Week Marketing here. You get a complete 5-guide package that will teach you to make money online using all free methods. Need more proof? Check out Nick's Review below.
Source: one-week-marketing-works.blogspot.com
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